** For this compilation reference has been largely made
to Dr. H. R. Mill's ``The Siege of the South Pole.'' Several doubtful voyages
during the early part of the nineteenth century have been omitted.
1775. James Cook circumnavigated the Globe in high southern latitudes,
discovering the sub-antarctic island of South Georgia. He was the first
to cross the Antarctic Circle.
1819. William Smith, the master of a merchant vessel trading between
Montevideo and Valparaiso, discovered the South Shetland Islands.
1819. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, despatched in command of
an Expedition by the Emperor, Alexander I of Russia, with instructions to
supplement the voyage of Captain Cook, circumnavigated the Antarctic continent
in high southern latitudes. The first discovery of land south of the Antarctic
Circle was made, namely, Peter I Island and Alexander I Land (also an island),
in the American Quadrant of Antarctica.
1820. Nathaniel Palmer, master of an American sealing-vessel, sighted
new land to the south of the South Shetland Islands. It seems clear that
he was the first to view what is now known as the Palmer Archipelago (1820-21).
1823. James Weddell, a British sealer, sailing southward of the Atlantic
Ocean, reached 74 degrees 15' south latitude in the American Quadrant, establishing
a ``farthest south'' record.
1830. John Biscoe, a whaling master of the British firm of Enderby
Brothers, sailed on a voyage circumnavigating the Antarctic Regions. Enderby
Land was discovered south of the West Indian Ocean in the African Quadrant
of Antarctica. This was apparently a part of the Antarctic continent. New
land was also met with to the south of America and charted as Graham's Land,
Biscoe Island and Adelaide Island.
Kemp, a sailing master of Enderby Brothers, extended Biscoe's discoveries
shortly after by the report of land east of, and adjacent to, Enderby Land.
Neither of these discoveries has yet been proved, though Enderby Land (Biscoe)
undoubtedly exists.
1839. John Balleny, another of Enderby's whaling captains, discovered
the Balleny Islands within the Antarctic Circle, in the Australian Quadrant
of Antarctica, and gave a vague description of an appearance of land to
the westward. This has been charted on maps, without adequate evidence,
as Sabrina Land.
Antarctic Land Discoveries Preceding 1838
Note. This and the two following maps of the series illustrate
land discoveries only. In cases where the existence of land once reported
has since been disproved no record at all is shown
1837. Jules Sebastian Cesar Dumont D'Urville, was despatched by King
Louis Philippe of France for the prosecution of scientific researches on
a voyage round the World. His cruise in the Antarctic resulted in the charting
of Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land to the south of America (American
Quadrant) and the discovery of a portion of the Antarctic continent, named
Adelie Land, southward of Australia (Australian Quadrant).
1838. Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, in accordance with a bill
passed by Congress, set out on an exploring expedition to circumnavigate
the World. His programme included the investigation of the area of the Antarctic
to the south of Australia--the Australian Quadrant. The squadron composing
this American expedition first visited the Antarctic regions in the American
Quadrant, and then proceeded eastward round to the Australian Quadrant from
which, after a long cruise, they returned, reporting land at frequent intervals
in the vicinity of the Antarctic Circle between longitudes 157 degrees 46'
E. and 106 degrees 19' E. He shares with D'Urville the full honour of the
discovery of Adelie Land. Some of the supposed landfalls known to be non-existent.
1839. James Clark Ross proceeded south in charge of a scientific
expedition fitted out by the Admiralty at the instance of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science and approved of by the Royal Society. His
aim was to circumnavigate the Antarctic regions and to investigate the Weddell
Sea. The geographical results were fruitful; the Ross Sea, the Admiralty
Range and the Great Ice Barrier were discovered and some eight hundred miles
of Antarctic coastline were broadly delineated.
1844. T. E. L. Moore was detailed by the Admiralty to supplement
the magnetic work of Ross and to explore to the southward of Africa and
of the Indian Ocean, but no additions were made to geographical knowledge.
1872. Eduard Dallmann, whilst engaged in whaling with a German steamer
to the southward of America, added some details to the map of the Palmer
Archipelago but did not go further south than 64 degrees 45' S. Iatitude.
1874. The `Challenger' scientific expedition, under the command of
George Strong Nares, in the course of their voyage from the Cape to Australia
during the circumnavigation of the World penetrated within the Antarctic
Circle in longitude 78 degrees 22' E.
1892. A fleet of four Scottish whalers cruised through the north-western
part of the Weddell Sea. Scientific observations were made by W. S. Bruce
and others, but no geographical discoveries were recorded.
1892. C. A. Larsen, master of a Hamburg whaler, added important details
to the geography of the American Quadrant of Antarctica on the western side
of the Weddell Sea.
1894. Evensen, master of another Hamburg whaler, brought back further
information of the American Quadrant on the Pacific Ocean side.
1895. H. J. Bull organized a whaling venture and with Leonard Kristensen,
master of the ship, revisited the Ross Sea area where a landing was made
at Cape Adare (Australian Quadrant). This was the first occasion on which
any human being had set foot on the Antarctic continent.
Antarctic land Discoveries Preceding 1896 (A. J. Hodgeman)
1897. Adrien de Gerlache sailed from Belgium on a
scientific exploring expedition to the American Quadrant. Important additions
were made to the map, but the ship became frozen into the pack-ice and drifted
about for a whole year south of the Antarctic Circle. The members of this
expedition were the first to experience an Antarctic winter. Antarctic exploration
now entered upon a new era.
1898. Carstens Egeberg Borchgrevink led an expedition, fitted out
by Sir George Newnes; its objective being the Ross Sea area. Further details
were added to the map, but the most notable fact was that the expedition
wintered at Cape Adare, on the mainland itself. The Great Ross Barrier was
determined to be thirty miles south of the position assigned by Ross in
1839.
1898. Chun of Leipsig, in charge of the `Valdivia' Expedition, carried
out oceanographical researches far to the south, in the vicinity of Enderby
Land (African Quadrant), though he did not come within sight of the continent.
1901. Robert Falcon Scott, in command of the `Discovery' Expedition,
organised by the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society with the co-operation
of the Admiralty, in accordance with a scheme of international endeavour,
passed two winters at the southern extremity of the Ross Sea and carried
out many successful sledging journeys. Their main geographical achievements
were: the discovery of King Edward VII Land; several hundred miles of new
land on a ``farthest south'' sledging journey to latitude 82 degrees 17'
S.; the discovery of the Antarctic plateau; additional details and original
contributions to the geography of the lands and islands of the Ross Sea.
1901. A German national expedition, led by Erich von Drygalski, set
out for the region south of the Indian Ocean. After a small party had been
stationed on Kerguelen Island, the main party proceeded south close to the
tracks of the Challenger. They came within sight of Antarctic shores but
were frozen into the pack-ice for a whole year. Kaiser Wilhelm II Land was
discovered close to the junction between the Australian and African Quadrants.
1901. A Swedish national expedition, planned and led by Otto Nordenskjold,
wintered for two years on Snow Hill Island in the American Quadrant, and
did much valuable scientific work.
1902. William Speirs Bruce organized and led a Scottish expedition
to the Weddell Sea, southward of the Atlantic Ocean. The party effected
notable oceanographic researches and wintered at the South Orkney Islands,
but were foiled in their attempt to penetrate the pack-ice. During the second
season, conditions were more favourable and the ship reached Coats Land
in 74 degrees 1' S. Iatitude.
1903. Jean Charcot organized and led a French expedition to the American
Quadrant and there added many details to the existing chart.
1907. Ernest Henry Shackleton organized and led a British expedition
with the main object of reaching the South Geographical Pole. His party
wintered at Cape Royds, McMurdo Sound, and two main sledging parties set
out in the early summer. E. H. Shackleton's party ascended the Antarctic
plateau and penetrated to within ninety-seven geographical miles of the
South Pole, discovering new land beyond Scott's ``farthest south.'' T. W.
Edgeworth David's party reached the South Magnetic Polar Area, filling in
many details of the western coast of McMurdo Sound.
1908. Jean Charcot organized and led a second French expedition to
extend the work accomplished in 1903 in the American Quadrant. He was successful
in discovering new land still further to the south. Loubet, Fallieres and
Charcot Lands, towards and beyond Alexander I Land, were added to the map
of Antarctica.
1910. Roald Amundsen organized an expedition for scientific research
in the vicinity of the North Pole but changed his plans, eventually heading
for the South Pole. The expedition wintered on the Ross Barrier near King
Edward VII Land, from which point he set out and attained the South Geographical
Pole, mapping in new land on the way. Another party visited King Edward
VII Land.
1910. Robert Falcon Scott led a second Antarctic expedition, the
main object of which was to reach the South Geographical Pole. The principal
party wintered near his old winter quarters at Hut Point, McMurdo Sound.
A second party was landed at Cape Adare. Scott reached the Pole soon after
the Norwegian Amundsen, but he and his party perished on the return journey.
Other parties added details to the map of Victoria Land. Oates Land was
sighted from the ship to the westward of Cape Adare in the Australian Quadrant.
1910. A Japanese expedition sailed to the Ross Sea, but on account
of the lateness of the season was forced to turn back without landing. The
winter was spent at Sydney, New South Wales. Next year a summer visit was
made to the South, but no additional land discoveries were made.
1911. A German expedition, led by Wilhelm Filchner, proceeded to
the Weddell Sea; the South Pole being its objective. The party succeeded
in reaching further south in that region than any previous navigators and
discovered new land, to be named Prince Luitpold Land. They were driven
northwards amongst the pack in a blizzard and spent the winter frozen in
south of Coats Land.
A Map of the Antarctic Regions as Known at the Present
Day [1915]
APPENDIX IV - GLOSSARY
